Writing to Win

How to write business proposals that persuade clients and win contracts.


Proposals Must Persuade

You write business proposals for one purpose‹to get business. You'll get business when your proposals persuade clients that your solutions are better than the others. When you sit down to plan and write a proposal, keep in mind that our overriding aim is to persuade the reader.

Persuasion takes four steps


Your proposal will persuade the reader if you do four things:

1. Demonstrate the client's need
Catch the reader's attention by stating a specific need or problem that she or he has. At the heart of every client-centred proposal are statements showing that you understand the client's need or problem. Show clients that you recognize their need. Spell it out.

2. Show the benefits of meeting that need
Use the RFP and other information to show the client your understanding of the payoff to be expected from meeting the need. Don't spell out your solution; that comes next. Spell out how the client will improve productivity, profitability and success by solving his or her problem. Explain the possible consequences of inaction. You'll establish credibility not so much by demonstrating our expertise as by showing our understanding of the client's business.

3. Recommend your solution
Make a firm, clear recommendation accompanied by action steps. Don't be vague. Don't hope that they'll get your point. Recommend a specific approach, program, publication, ad campaign or application: "We recommend that the National Research Council use our company to design, write and produce its corporate marketing brochure." And present it so well that the client believes that our solution will meet their need.

4. Provide details
Give the reader technical and other details needed to show our qualifications and competence to deliver the solution on time, on budget and to specification. These materials must demonstrate your credibility and ability to provide such a solution.
They will also show that you understand the costs involved, particularly the return on investment to the client. Discuss related issues, costs, management issues, schedules, risks, future implications. Always return to our key selling point‹our recommendation presented in terms of a quantifiable benefit. Give convincing reasons that the client should choose you over all others.

Proposals Must be Client-Centred

Seven steps toward a client-centred proposal


Before you caress a single key, answer the following seven questions. They'll force you to develop a client-centred proposal.

1. What is the client's problem or need?
State for yourself the client's need or problem, in one sentence if possible. Use the RFP, but keep an open mind. The client may not have included every reason for soliciting proposals.

2. What makes this need worth addressing, or this problem worth solving?
Look beyond the obvious, and ask yourself: Why must the client meet this need now?

3. What goals must be served by whatever action is taken?
Before you decide what to propose, find out what the client wants to accomplish. The more specific you are about the client's goals and how they impact his or her business, the more convincing your proposal will be.

Some business goals
Capturing market share; increasing profitability; reducing overhead; promoting product

Some technical goals
Automating labour-intensive processes; enhancing quality with automated machining

Some social goals
Enhancing employee morale; reducing turnover; increasing brand recognition; changing consumer attitudes

Personal goals
Include issues of career and prestige that the client is dealing with in trying to solve the problem

4. Which goals have the highest priority?
Rank what is most important to the client, and write your proposal in that order.

5. What products or services can you offer to achieve these goals?
Brainstorm. Be creative. Consider anything. The more creative you are in combining what you know with what you have to offer, the more likely you are to produce a client-centred solution that stands out among the competition.

6. What results are likely to follow each of our recommendations?
Make an educated guess. Will they lead to the client's most important goal? Will they provide competitive leverage? What will they cost? How long will they take?

7. What should you recommend?
Choose the course of action from the client's point of view. Avoid the solution that simply offers the largest profit margin‹write your proposals for the long term.

Proposals Must Sell a Solution

Thirteen questions that lead to a consultative solution

Focussing on the client's need instead of your abilities and experience demonstrates that you are trying to sell a solution, not a product. Keeping the client at the centre is the essence of a consultative proposal. As you start putting together a proposal‹especially an unsolicited one‹consider the following.


1. What must I establish about my company before the client will believe what I say?

2. What key recommendation am I making? Have I a focussed strategy?

3. What are the opportunities for improving the client's productivity and profitability that I'm presenting in this proposal?

4. To what line of reasoning is this proposal an apparent conclusion?

5. What are the meanings of the words I'm using? Will the client understand them?

6. How can I contrast our proposal with those of the competition? Without naming names or throwing muck, how can I show that ours is superior?

7. How inclusive (or limited)is this proposal? Should it be more focussed? or expanded?

8. How can I support or prove my assertions? What evidence will convince the client?

9. What can be said against my proposal? Why might someone disbelieve or reject it?

10. What does this proposal assume? What business objectives are at its foundation? What other issues does it take for granted?

11. Does this proposal state clearly that some action must be taken? Does it indicate the consequences of inaction?

12. What will the action called for cost in time and money?

13. Does the proposed action involve coordinating large numbers of people and resources? How will this be managed?

Developing a Winning Strategy

What every strategy must consider

Every proposal must include an understanding of three things:

1. The client's business needs
2. My company's business strengths
3. Our competitor's strengths and weaknesses

The client's business needs
Of the three elements in any strategy, the client's need is the most important. Use the seven-step, client-centred approach mentioned earlier to identify the client's need or problem.

My company's business strengths
To win proposals, you have to establish a difference between itself and the competition. To do this, head separate sheets of paper with the names of our products and services. Beneath each heading, list everything that makes you stand out in the marketplace, that separates us from the competition. Try to identify "uniqueness factors" about your business that are one of a kind.

Our competitor's strengths & weaknesses
Look at the competition and compile "uniqueness factor" lists for them. The more you learn about the competition, the better you'll understand how to position your company.

Four strategies

Successful creative strategies are usually simple strategies. They capitalize on our strengths, minimize our weaknesses‹and do the opposite for our competitors. They also tend to stress one of four strategic options:

  • cost
  • quality
  • technology
  • competitive edge

    1. Cost strategy
    If you decide the cost strategy, you must write your proposal‹every section, page and paragraph‹to persuade the client that your solution:

  • is the least expensive
  • is the best value
  • offers the highest return on investment
  • saves the most money
  • saves another valuable commodity‹time

    2. Quality strategy
    Use the quality strategy if you can convince the client that your solution:

  • offers the highest quality
  • is the most reliable
  • gives the client the most control over the creative and production process
  • will yield the highest customer client satisfaction

    3. Technology strategy
    Use the technology strategy to persuade the client that your solution:

  • is the most advanced
  • offers the most flexibility
  • eliminates or automates labour-intensive (ie. expensive) operations
  • capitalizes on leading-edge technology

    4. Competitive strategy
    Use the competitive strategy to persuade the client that your solution:

  • offers the best mix of what the client wants
  • gives the client an advantage in the marketplace
  • is superior because it comes from your company

    Tips on Writing Proposals

    Organization: Lead them by the hand

    Make the information easy to find
  • use a table of contents for any proposal over 10 pages in length
  • make your compliance with the RFP obvious

    Arrange material in order of priority

  • arrange everything in the order that's most important to the client
  • number pages consecutively; do not re-number each section

    Use lots of headings

  • give each proposal a title that stresses the main benefit to the client
  • give each section a title that helps readers orient themselves
  • if possible, express the key point of the section in the headline

    Highlight important points

  • accentuate the positive with underlining, different fonts, spacing, titles, bullets and summaries

    Content: The message matters

    Respond completely
  • answer every question in the RFP, no matter how elementary or annoying

    Avoid banal headings and titles

  • rather than say "Methodology Section," say "Five Ways to Improve Your Image"
  • use strong verbs in heads, especially verbs that stress a benefit for the client

    Avoid boilerplate

  • don't recycle resumes and corporate profiles from other proposals; freshen them up

    Sell your solution

  • avoid hype, padding and fluff. Remember that the proposal is a legal document that becomes part of the contract if you win

    Support your recommendations

  • be specific, and quantify benefits whenever possible
  • don't just say that you will comply with a requirement‹be specific about how we'll do so

    Don't attack competitors by name

  • point out the weaknesses of alternative solutions

    Use a strong close

  • ask for their business; tell the reader exactly what you want him or her to do
  • remind the reader of the benefits of taking action
  • close with confidence

    Style: Mind your language

    Avoid business clichés
  • avoid hackneyed openings and closings that clients have read a thousand times. Avoid "I would like to take this opportunity to thank you for considering the enclosed . . ." Get to the point: "Here is our proposal." Avoid "If you have any questions, please feel free to call." That closing has been done to death, so bury it.

    Make your proposal easy to understand

  • use the terms and jargon that appear in the RFP

    Use simple, direct language

  • Instead of saying
    There is little differentiation between the way one article looks compared with another.
    say
    The articles look the same.

  • Instead of saying
    I am pleased to have this opportunity to submit to you this proposal that you asked for for the marketing campaign for The Red Cross Society.
    say
    I am pleased to submit this proposal to provide marketing services in response to your RFP #194.

    Write in the active voice
    Sentences written in the active voice are more direct and vigorous than those written in the passive.

  • For example:
    you designed a poster.
    is better than
    A poster was designed by you.

  • Don't say this
    The writing and designing of the book will be done by us.
    when you can say
    We will write and design the book.

    Use definite, specific, concrete language
    Be specific rather than general, definite instead of vague, concrete rather than abstract. The surest way to arouse and hold interest is by being specific, definite and concrete.

  • Don't say
    To shorten the sales cycle, Magellan LANDMARK sales representatives must have effective marketing tools.

    when you can say
    Magellan LANDMARK sales representatives need marketing tools that help them close sales in the shortest possible time.

  • Avoid saying
    Our company has considerable design experience in the areas of education and culture.
    when you can say
    Our company has a combined total of 187 years experience designing publications for educational and cultural institutions.


    Avoid unnecessary words
    If you can remove a word and keep your meaning, do so.

  • Instead of saying
    The project plan which follows suggests a possible breakdown of task components and tentative timelines.
    say
    The following plan suggests a breakdown of project tasks and timelines.

    Avoid a patronizing tone

  • don't assume too much about what the evaluators know
  • don't omit information that you think the evaluators do know or should know

    Evaluate the Evaluators

    Seven questions to consider before submitting

    1. What issues are important to the proposal evaluators as a group? as individuals?

    2. How do they perceive your company? your work? your services?

    3. What biases do the evaluators have toward your company, and how will these biases affect the scoring of your proposal?

    4. Does a competitor have a preferred position with the evaluators?

    5. How much do the evaluators know about your creative solution, and how much additional information will they need?

    6. What will the evaluators be looking for when they evaluate our proposal?

    7. How much weight will they attach to cost? project management? technical expertise? your size? previous work?

    How to Evaluate Your Proposal

    Twenty-five things to check before you submit

    The development phase
    1. Have I analyzed the client's needs thoroughly and creatively?
    2. Have I turned the statement of need into an overall strategy?
    3. Have I checked my proposal for continuity and consistency?

    Content
    4. Is the creative strategy a good one?
    5. Are the facts accurate?
    6. Is the creative strategy supported by sufficient evidence and examples?
    7. Is the proposed solution clearly worthwhile?
    8. Is there any vagueness, abstraction or generalization?
    9. Is there too much detail and no overview or sense of perspective?
    10. Is the proposal client-centred or us-centred?

    Organization
    11. Do the cover letter and executive summary attract the reader's interest?
    12. Is the proposal one unified, persuasive argument? Is there one strategy to which everything is related?
    13. Are the parts arranged in a coherent, logical order?
    14. Is there closure to each major section?
    15. Have I structured the information from the reader's point of view?
    16. Are my headings clear, properly worded and parallel?
    17. Is each section organized around (1) the client's need, (2) the solution, and (3) the supporting details?

    Style
    18. Are the sentences easy to understand?
    19. Are all technical terms and jargon used correctly?
    20. Have I avoided clichés?
    21. Is the proposal concise?
    22. Is the level of writing appropriate for the reader?

    Accuracy
    23. Are there mistakes in grammar, usage, spelling or typing?
    24. Are there mistakes in names, titles, dates, costs or other details?
    25. Is the proposal neat, professional and easy to read?


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